German Culture and Politics


Tuesday, January 18, 2011

China and Germany: Reflected glory

By Daniel Schäfer in Frankfurt

Published: January 18 2011 22:29 | Last updated: January 18 2011 22:29


Shining example: workers inspect a photovoltaic panel at Yingli Green Energy, one of the Chinese makers to end Germany’s leadership in solar technology

Q-Cells of Germany was the world market leader in solar panels when Anton Milner, chief executive, was asked about the threat of competition from Asia. His response was dismissive. German customers would never buy a Chinese product that had to last 20 years, he maintained.

A few years on, China’s Suntech Power has outsmarted and outsold the German company, and Mr Milner is no longer in office. Q-Cells’ stock market value has collapsed from €11bn at the end of 2007 to about €390m. Besides Suntech, Chinese rivals such as Yingli Green Energy and JA Solar are also flooding Germany with cheap but reliable panels, while large parts of the domestic industry are in the doldrums.

Q-Cells provides a cautionary tale for corporate Germany. Just as the country’s machine tool makers, car companies and electrical engineering groups have brought their plants back to full speed following the sharp economic decline of 2009, the next big challenge appears on the horizon.

China – long renowned for producing cheap clothes, toys and electrical goods – overtook Germany to become the world’s largest exporter in 2009. Last year it registered a trade surplus with Germany of almost €17bn. Today, it is on the verge of a direct assault on Europe’s economic powerhouse in its core industrial areas.

CALLED TO A COUNT


Germany’s rapid rise in the 19th century has made Otto von Bismarck the subject of intense interest in China. Scholars have sought to understand how Germany was able to industrialise so quickly and the diplomatic balancing act that this required.

More recently, popular writers have also focused on the role Bismarck’s Germany played in the growth of the western financial system. As China becomes more assertive, some speculate that Beijing is shunning some of the Bismarckian balancing that has been a hallmark of its rise. One European analyst says China is going through “a Prussian moment”.
..
“I am expecting a massive attack from China in Europe in the next few years – particularly in the machinery sector,” says Franz Fehrenbach, chief executive of Bosch, the world’s largest maker of car parts and Germany’s largest privately held industrial group by sales. “The Chinese will improve their quality and technology, but they will at the same time be extremely price-attractive.”

In areas that include not only solar panels but also wind energy, telecommunications networks, power transmission and high-speed trains, Chinese companies are already on a par with their western counterparts, often after “re-innovating” technology sucked out of joint ventures. In other areas, such as construction machinery, machine tools, cars and electrical engineering, companies from Sany in construction equipment to Shanghai Electric in power systems are gearing up to compete.

As the race between the world’s largest exporting nations gathers pace, what steps is German industry taking to fend off the greatest threat it has faced since the rise of corporate Japan in the 1960s and 1970s?

At first glance, it looks as though Europe’s largest economy has lost out in its core sector. In mechanical engineering – a sector employing 909,000, or one in 20 German industrial workers, and made up mostly of small and medium-sized “Mittelstand” enterprises – China has taken the lead. At 25 per cent, its world market share in 2009 was almost twice that of Germany.

“I have to say I find it admirable with how much speed they are catching up, and how clever they are in combining western technology with their own and producing it at low cost levels,” says Peter Leibinger, deputy head and part-owner of Trumpf, the world’s largest laser-cutting machine maker.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PERILS

Hide and seek games counter ‘absorb and digest’

In the cat-and-mouse game between hungry Chinese companies and technology-rich western corporations, both sides have developed increasingly sophisticated methods.

As part of China’s strategy to move up the technology ladder, the country’s intelligence agencies are actively involved in industrial espionage and the appropriation of trade secrets from multinationals, say intelligence officials in western countries.

German and other western intelligence agencies regularly issue warnings to executives travelling to China, advising them not to carry computers or mobile phones containing sensitive information. German executives based in China say the warnings are now an annual event and companies have introduced numerous precautions to protect their most sensitive technology.

For example, in 2005 when Chinese engineers were working with companies such as Siemens, Alstom and Bombardier to “absorb and digest” western high-speed rail technology, the suppliers played all sorts of “hide and seek” games, according to Chinese media. In one account from Chinese technicians, the foreign technology provider tried to convince them that rubber carriage joints on one train design were to stop passengers from falling off platforms. The Chinese engineers eventually worked out that the joints were actually to prevent train carriages from rolling sideways.

Other countries, notably Russia, are suspected of industrial espionage. But the concern over intellectual property infringement in China has been a perennial issue ever since economic reforms began three decades ago.

China-based European executives say German industry associations have previously advised German companies not to file any patents in China at all. “Their advice was based on the assumption that the moment you open up and describe your technology to the patent office, your idea is already gone,” says one.

The executives say some companies that feel compelled to register patents in China have tried to protect their sensitive technology by deliberately including mistakes in the blueprints provided to regulatory authorities.

In spite of assurances from Beijing that the government is working to improve IP protection, international groups still complain about weak enforcement and arbitrary legal rulings. Meanwhile, Chinese companies are becoming more aggressive in protecting their interests. In 2009, France’s Schneider Electric agreed to pay a Chinese company $23m to settle a patent lawsuit. Schneider had begun legal proceedings first, accusing the same company of stealing its electrical switch technology. Jamil Anderlini
..Like Heidelberger’s presses, German engine-maker Tognum’s products for ships, trains, and the oil and gas industry are regarded as premium. When KiwiRail, a New Zealand train operator, became the first developed country company to order Chinese locomotives, it insisted that the engines were supplied by Tognum. “The Chinese don’t have service and maintenance networks outside their home country, so this is where we come in,” a Tognum executive says.

Until now, their success has been driven by consumers in their vast home market and exports to fellow emerging markets. However Thomas Lindner, president of VDMA, the German engineering association, says the competition will soon be felt in Europe. “In higher-volume markets, such as machine tools, the situation will become a lot more critical for us than in the niche markets,” he says.

While this poses a threat to some, many executives are adamant that their companies will hold their own. The key is the characteristic that has driven their economy for more than a century: the engineering-based approach and inventive spirit that spawned Mittelstand specialists in niche markets and premium technology products, from Porsche sports cars to Trumpf cutting machines.

. . .

Take Heidelberger Druckmaschinen, world market leader in printing presses. It recently produced its 1,000th press at a site near Shanghai, where it is assembling standard machines of similar quality to those sold in Europe but with fewer features and priced more competitively.

Bernhard Schreier, chief executive, says the group is even winning market share in China from local rivals who are unable – and unwilling – to catch up. “This is a niche market with low volume and high entry barriers,” he says. With its huge research and development costs, he adds, it would neither yield the profits nor confer the prestige of a move into strategic areas such as solar power, cars or high-speed trains.

But local production, and pursuit of the Chinese market, have downsides – such as the practice of re-innovation. “What China lacks right now is not money; it is technology. So if you can give technology to China this is the best way to capture this market,” says Mao Zhenhua, director of the institute of economic research at Beijing’s Renmin University.

Germany is not only Europe’s largest trading partner with China, it is also its largest technology exporter. But managers are increasingly outspoken about forced technology transfers, as well as pressure to use local suppliers and provide state-controlled design institutes with detailed information on projects. Martin Brudermüller, head of the Asia-Pacific region at BASF, the world’s largest chemicals maker by sales, says the group always takes its best technology to China. But he adds that “compulsory technology transfer is something we are strongly lobbying against”.

While some German companies avoid taking cutting-edge technology with them when they move production to Asia, others simply avoid disclosing it in full to Chinese partners. “It takes two to tango,” says Axel Heitmann, chief executive of Lanxess, the speciality chemicals maker. “We have defined key technologies which we are protecting by not lifting the lid on them.”

. . .

Long-standing relations with China have proved valuable for Germans. Bosch, for example, has been doing business there for more than 100 years, and today employs almost 30,000 people at 46 sites. This history has created high levels of trust between the conglomerate and local partners.

Plus, Bosch’s managers say, if you can sell your products there, you can sell them anywhere. “The biggest market in China is going to emerge in the midprice segment. Our task is to become steadily more competitive and to play a large role in this segment locally. If we achieve this, then we don’t have to be afraid about the competitiveness in the rest of the world,” says the company’s Mr Fehrenbach.

Indeed Siemens, Europe’s largest engineering company, has developed a strategy to sell lower-priced, simplified versions of its high-end products pitched at the Chinese market elsewhere. The Somatom Spirit, its entry-level CT scanner, was developed and produced in China; today more than 80 per cent are sold abroad – increasingly in the west.

While large operations such as Siemens and Bosch have long run big research and development centres in China, some of the smaller Mittelstand companies cannot afford even to produce there. Mr Fehrenbach says companies that are not exposed to the tough rivalry in China’s midprice segment will struggle to compete with the Chinese in western markets as well. He suggests smaller companies set up joint ventures or other forms of partnership in China.

Some fear that failure to confront the problem one way or another will eventually put small operators out of business. “German companies are in danger of being pushed ever higher on to the technological ladder, until one day the market niche will be too small to survive,” says Jürgen Heraeus, chairman of the eponymous precious metal trading group.


As China goes on the offensive, the threat grows more acute. Its companies are already considering the establishment of plants and research and development centres in Europe, poaching German engineers and trying to snap up Mittelstand companies and coveted brands. “We will start with sales and marketing next year and we plan to go into all major European markets,” says Daniel He, Sany’s European head. Sany is setting up a plant for concrete pumps and an R&D centre close to Cologne, for which it hired engineers from the nearby Toyota Formula 1 race team that recently shut up shop.

The number of investments in Germany by China, which last year overtook the Netherlands as the largest importer to Germany, shot up from seven in 2007 to 45 in 2009, according to Germany Trade and Invest, a government business promotion group.

Some investors start with small pro­jects that help to them understand local culture. Fosun, China’s biggest private conglomerate by sales, invested about €10m in restaurants and tea houses two years ago. Today the steel, pharmaceuticals, property, financial and tourism group plans to spend $2bn on Mittelstand technology companies. “Fosun will be one of the Chinese pioneers in investing in Europe,” Guo Guangchang, chairman, recently told the Financial Times.

His words presage how the battle between the world’s largest export nations will play out. Chinese companies will transfer, buy and develop technology and brands, and enter western markets. German industrialists will try to outsmart them by maintaining their technological edge and expanding in China and other emerging markets.

With Chinese companies competing on both price and technology, “Siemens and other western industrial companies will lose market share in the years to come”, says James Stettler, capital goods analyst at Italy’s Unicredit.

At Bosch, Mr Fehrenbach says: “The only valid conclusion for us is to do even more to remain at the technological forefront. Our main task is to stay ahead.”

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Thursday, November 11, 2010

Merkel: The true believer

By Lionel Barber, Quentin Peel and Gerrit Wiesmann in Berlin

Published: November 8 2010 20:55 | Last updated: November 8 2010 20:55



This week’s summit of the Group of 20 leading economies in Seoul may be shaping up to be ill tempered, but Angela Merkel seems to be positively looking forward to it.

The German chancellor is not entirely sanguine. She is worried about the revival of trade protectionism, not least in the US Congress, and the looming threat of currency competition turning into a new trade war.

But as she takes charge of pouring tea and coffee for visitors to her office in Berlin, Ms Merkel spells out how she hopes to be a peace-maker in Seoul if any confrontation develops between the US and China about exchange rates and trade imbalances. “I do not think it sensible to have a political argument,” she tells the Financial Times.

Unlike some leaders, Ms Merkel – re-elected last year for a second term as leader of Europe’s biggest economy – says she is a true believer in the value of the G20 grouping. She defends its success since 2008 in preventing the global economic crisis turning into a prolonged depression, and wants to see the disparate group of industrialised and emerging economies put on a more permanent basis.

Where some would argue that the group is too large to be decisive, the chancellor’s advisers say she likes the size, with the number of leaders round the table about the same as a European Union summit in Brussels.

A trip to Seoul gives Ms Merkel a chance, at least briefly, to put the problems of a fractious and unpopular coalition government in Berlin to one side. A high-profile performance on the world stage might help restore her flagging poll ratings at home.

Reviving global growth and defending free trade should also make it easier to handle the financial crisis within the eurozone, where the cost of government borrowing has soared for the weaker economies in the EU’s common currency area. The threat to the cohesion of European economic and monetary union has been the chancellor’s overwhelming concern since the outbreak of the debt crisis in Greece at the start of the year.

But top of her list of priorities for Seoul is to combat any new protectionism and try once more to revive the flagging Doha round of trade liberalisation and development talks within the World Trade Organisation.

As for the problem of global imbalances, pitting the huge trade surpluses of China and Germany against the deep deficit of the US, she is bluntly dismissive of Washington’s proposal that the G20 should set quantified targets to even them up. “Exchange rates should reflect the real economic strength of a country,” she says. “Particularly in view of the debate about China, we need to find facts and benchmarks to calculate what is a fair exchange rate. I don’t think much of quantified balance of payments targets.”

Global imbalances are not just influenced by exchange rates but are also a function of competitiveness, she argues. “The competitiveness of countries depends on many more issues than just weighing up imports against exports.” Simply setting a 4 per cent target for surpluses and deficits as a proportion of gross domestic product is “far too narrowly focused”. It is a more diplomatic way of dismissing a suggestion that senior German government officials reject as “rubbish” with “no scientific or academic basis”.

Part of the concern in Berlin about the US-led debate on global imbalances is that it shoves Germany into the same corner as China, ignoring the fact that Germany cannot manipulate its currency, the euro. “You cannot look at the European Union, with its single internal market, and a common currency in large parts of it, on a country-by-country basis,” the chancellor says. “One should judge Europe as a whole.”

In spite of her confident words, however, Ms Merkel is having to defend her policies, and her country, on several fronts.

Germany is under attack not only from the US for the size of its trade surplus – a matter of great pride to most German manufacturers and economists, let alone politicians. The same trade surplus is criticised within the EU, not least by France, ordinarily Berlin’s closest political ally. Meanwhile, Ms Merkel’s policy of sternly reducing public sector borrowing and outstanding debt, even while global economic recovery remains tentative, is under fire on both sides of the Atlantic.

The chancellor is unrepentant. She dismisses fears of any double-dip recession or prolonged 1930s-style downturn as exaggerated. “As far as Germany is concerned, I do not have that fear,” she says, “and if I think of the forecasts of the International Monetary Fund, I do not fear for the world economy either.”

One cause of the crisis “was that we did not have sustainable growth. In many countries growth was built on debt and [speculative] bubbles. In contrast, I now see the world in some regions returning to a sensible growth path. The greatest danger that threatens us is protectionism, and we are still not taking enough steps to ensure genuinely free trade”.

Ms Merkel defends the achievements of the G20 so far, arguing that the group has made notable progress in terms of global financial regulation and on the most substantial reform ever negotiated for the IMF. The Basel III agreement tightening rules on bank capital Ms Merkel depicts as “a splendid thing”, negotiated in less than two years, in contrast to the previous and less ambitious Basel II deal that took more than 10 years to finalise. “If that is now put into effect everywhere, we will have created a genuine crisis prevention mechanism,” she adds.

As for the IMF, “we have achieved the most comprehensive restructuring ever” in the run-up to the summit. “The new IMF structure reflects the power relationships in today’s world much better than before.” If the heads of government had not been breathing down their necks, the G20 finance ministers would not have been forced to reach agreement, she says.

The main gap on the regulatory map, she admits, is the lack of a deal on how to regulate banks that are considered “too big too fail”. Views were split within the Basel-based Financial Stability Board and “that remains an important task for 2011”.

The other item on the chancellor’s G20 agenda is to discuss exit strategies from the massive government spending policies pursued by the leading economies – including Germany – to prevent the global recession turning into a depression. Wolfgang Schäuble, the sharp-tongued finance minister who will accompany Ms Merkel to Seoul, left no doubt about his dismay at the US Federal Reserve’s latest decision to pump $600bn into the American economy in a new round of quantitative easing. He described US policy as “clueless”.

Ms Merkel is more measured. “The G20 has repeatedly stressed that the crisis can only be overcome if we dismantle all forms of obstruction and do not erect new ones,” she says with a disarming smile.

The two most powerful figures in the German government do not always see eye to eye on policy. Mr Schäuble was Ms Merkel’s predecessor as leader of the centre-right Christian Democratic Union and sees himself as the standard-bearer for Germany’s traditionally strong commitment to the EU and to the euro. Yet on the questions of strict control of debt and deficits in all member states of the eurozone, to ensure the stability of the common currency, they are twin defenders of budget discipline.

They are joint architects of Germany’s own tough spending curbs, to cut €80bn ($111bn) over the next four years. Both are also behind a determined German push for tougher sanctions to prevent eurozone members breaking the rules embodied in its stability and growth pact – and for changes in the EU treaty to create a “permanent crisis resolution” mechanism to prevent a sovereign default.

She defends Germany’s insistence on drastic austerity measures in the weakest eurozone economies – Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain – as essential for currency stability and future sustainable growth. “I do not see any contradiction between growth and stability,” she says. “We have already seen the allergic reaction in the markets to countries that combined excessive debts with inadequate competitiveness.”

Sanctions agreed by EU leaders late last month will focus on competitiveness benchmarks as well as traditional ceilings on debt and deficit. Ms Merkel also wants a draconian political sanction – the suspension of voting rights – for countries that repeatedly fail to curb their borrowing.

On almost everything, the chancellor persuaded fellow leaders to accept the German position. But on suspending voting rights she was forced to admit defeat. The others would not accept such a drastic change of the EU treaty. “It is a matter of very fundamental values,” says Ms Merkel. “For that reason, suspension of voting rights will not be part of the restricted treaty change, but it is not off the agenda as a theme for the future.”

She defends her insistence on changing the treaty to enable a crisis mechanism to be established. It was not because of fear of what Germany’s constitutional court might say. “My attitude was based as much on my own European political conviction as on constitutional concerns,” she says. “If we were to face another case such as Greece after 2013 – something I hope will not happen – then we must not face the same emergency ... We need a legal provision for a situation where the stability of the euro as a whole is threatened.” That could not be achieved without treaty change.

In Brussels, Ms Merkel has been criticised for putting Germany’s national interests first in a way that her former mentor and predecessor, Helmut Kohl, would never have done. But as far as she is concerned, her battle for new rules in the eurozone has been driven entirely by her pro-European stance and a determination to ensure the survival of the currency.

“If the euro fails, then Europe will fail,” says Ms Merkel, repeating her own dramatic words to the Bundestag at the height of the Greek debt crisis in May. For the German chancellor, that is the bottom line.

Waning popularity, Not just the economy: a political tenet dispelled

Received political wisdom holds that governments benefit when economies thrive and suffer when they do not – just ask US president Barack Obama, writes Gerrit Wiesmann. Not so in Germany, where the popularity of the coalition led by Angela Merkel’s conservative Christian Democrats has waned as the economic news has turned positive.

A year ago, when the chancellor ended her partnership with the left-of-centre Social Democrats (SPD) and invited the liberal Free Democrats to join her in forming her second government, the export-reliant economy was on course to shrink 5 per cent in 2009. This year it is set to grow 3.5 per cent. In the same period, opinion polls have moved in the opposite direction. Today, they give the coalition 37 per cent approval – down 12 points since last autumn’s election. The opposition bloc of the SPD and the Greens has risen 14 points to 49 per cent.


Ms Merkel in part puts this down to the political in-fighting that dogged the government in its first months, notably a long and ultimately vain campaign by the FDP to secure tax cuts. “Initially for sure we were too occupied with ourselves in the coalition, but this period is now over and the results we’ve produced speak for our Christian Democrat-Liberal government,” she says, citing her new energy plan, which aims to boost production of renewables; budget consolidation; and healthcare reform.

With a respected poll showing that only 9 per cent of Germans attribute recovery to the government – while 42 per cent credit the world economy – it is noticeable that the chancellor does not say she expects the economy eventually to revive her fortunes. Instead, policy will prevail. “Many people will be convinced [about the government] when our decisions start to unfold their effects,” she says. “Whoever bases policy only on short-term polling trends is in the wrong job.”

But for now her energy plan – which includes extending the operational lifespans of the country’s 17 nuclear power stations – has galvanised the chancellor’s opponents and the strong anti-nuclear movement. At the weekend, 50,000 demonstrators played cat-and-mouse with 17,000 police officers in an attempt to stop a train depositing nuclear waste in a northern storage facility – protest on a scale not seen since the end of the last century.

It is the ever-more pragmatic Greens, rather than the second-placed SPD, that have profited most from such mobilisation, polling a record 20 per cent. The FDP can muster only a lowly 5 per cent. This has fired speculation that Ms Merkel might try to govern with the environmentalists after the 2014 election. She brushes aside the idea: “There are a great many differences between the Christian Democrats and the Greens.”

But such “black-green” alliances already exist at regional and local level – so “a great many” differences does not necessarily imply too many.

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Less frank on Frankfurt
On one subject Angela Merkel refuses to be drawn: who should be the next president of the European Central Bank. Speculation in Germany is rife that the chancellor would like to see Axel Weber, president of the Bundesbank, appointed the ECB’s first German head, succeeding Jean-Claude Trichet next year. “There is not a lot to say, because no decisions have been taken,” she insists, declining even to comment on whether the job should go to a German. There had not even been a “preliminary decision”. But she adds: “We will find a worthy successor to Jean-Claude Trichet.”



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Monday, November 08, 2010

Merkel warns on rise of protectionism

By Lionel Barber, Quentin Peel and Gerrit Wiesmann in Berlin

Published: November 8 2010 20:55 | Last updated: November 8 2010 20:55

The greatest danger facing the global economy is a return to trade protectionism, Angela Merkel, German chancellor, has warned ahead of this week’s meeting of global leaders in Seoul.

In an interview with the Financial Times before the G20 summit opens on Thursday, Ms Merkel suggested that China must be persuaded with “facts and benchmarks” to set a “fair exchange rate” for the renminbi, rather than be attacked for its currency policy.

Exchange rates should reflect the underlying strength of a country’s economy, she said. At the same time, she dismissed a US proposal to set specific targets for maximum levels of balance of payments’ surpluses and deficits as “too narrowly conceived”. Germany has been under attack for the size of its trade surplus.

“I don’t think much of quantified balance of payments targets,” she said, speaking in the chancellor’s office in Berlin. “It is not just a question of exchange rates, but also a question of competitiveness.” She expressed concern about new examples of non-tariff trade barriers being erected by G20 members, including in legislation in the US Congress, and “other attempts to make market access more difficult”.

Calling for a new attempt to complete the Doha development round of trade liberalisation measures in the World Trade Organisation, she added: “We have been talking about it for many years, but there is another chance in 2011 to complete it at last.

“The greatest danger that threatens us is protectionism, and we are still not taking enough steps to ensure genuinely free trade. There is something we can do that does not cost us much, and does not create any new debts, and that is to finish the Doha round. That is the priority for me.”

Ms Merkel was careful to balance her criticism of the US and China, defending the achievements of the G20 for preventing the global economic crisis turning into a prolonged downturn.

If all the member states agreed to implement the latest Basel accord on new rules for the capitalisation of banks, she said, “we will have created a genuine crisis prevention mechanism”.

She warned that more work was needed on measures to regulate banks that are “too big to fail”. “That remains an important task for 2011.”

In the longer term, she said, the G20 should be developed into a lasting institution, a job that would fall to France when it took over the presidency of the group from South Korea after the Seoul summit.

Germany is working with France to put currency co-ordination and measures to curb speculation in commodity markets at the top of the G20 agenda next year.

Ms Merkel defended her government’s plans to rein back its publicly financed economic stimulus from 2011, saying a discussion of exit strategies was necessary for all G20 members. Berlin has been criticised, especially from the US, for imposing excessive austerity measures.

She said Germany’s trade surplus, which hit a two-year high of €15.6bn ($21.7bn) in September, should not be calculated separately from the wider European trade balance. With a single market in the European Union, it was not meaningful to calculate on a country-by-country basis.

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Thursday, April 08, 2010

Germany: A shifting Weltanschauung

Germany: A shifting Weltanschauung
By Quentin Peel in Berlin

Published: April 7 2010 20:21 | Last updated: April 7 2010 20:21


Paymaster no more. Angela Merkel arriving at last month’s Brussels summit, The chancellor once known as ‘Mrs Europa’ won her battle with fellow European Union leaders to resist an instant bail-out for Greece


When Angela Merkel first joined the government of Helmut Kohl as minister for women and youth affairs in 1991, the long-serving chancellor referred to the 37-year-old dismissively as “das Mädchen” – the girl.

Now she occupies his seat and she has a very different image. After her victorious battle in Brussels last month to resist an instant financial bail-out for Greece, the German media could not quite decide if she had become the Iron Lady, like Britain’s Margaret Thatcher, or the Iron Chancellor, in the tradition of Prussia’s Otto von Bismarck. Whichever it was, they liked it. Bild-Zeitung, the tabloid newspaper, ran a full-page mock-up of a memorial to Bismarck – who forged modern Germany from Prussia in the 19th century – with the head of Ms Merkel upon it. “No more the paymaster of Europe”, read the headline.

The greatest economic power in Europe, linchpin of the eurozone, Germany is not the country it was. Since 1990 – the year of reunification – it has become significantly poorer, with a lower per capita income and a lot less money to spare since pouring money into the former East Germany.

It has a new geographical perspective, too, as a central European rather than west European state. Its unquestioning adherence to the Atlantic alliance is no longer unquestioned. Its passionate commitment to European integration is also different. It has a new generation of leaders who never knew the second world war.

Does this mean Germany is no longer a reliable partner in the European Union and ally in Nato? Or does it just mean the country has become more normal, putting national interests first like its fellow members?

HELMET KOHL

‘Merkel learnt western policy like a foreign language from him’

The man most associated with Germany’s commitment to Europe in recent decades is Helmut Kohl, chancellor for 16 years, and 80 years old last Saturday. It was Mr Kohl, a ruthless party politician, who presided over reunification. Angela Merkel, the young woman from the east, became his best political pupil. And, after a party financing scandal in his Christian Democratic Union, it was Ms Merkel who forced him into political semi-oblivion.

“She is the perfect copy of Helmut Kohl,” says Professor Werner Weidenfeld of Munich university. “She learnt her western policy like a foreign language from him.” That meant she learnt the importance of forging Franco-German agreements when the two governments were most divided while also cultivating coalitions with smaller European Union members.

The difference is that she is much less willing to open the national cheque book. As chancellor, Mr Kohl regularly bought political deals in Brussels with German generosity. To win agreement on the Maastricht treaty in 1992, for example, he was the lead donor to cohesion funds for Spain and Portugal.

Ms Merkel is better than him at mastering complex briefs but lacks his conviction about the need for European integration, Prof Weidenfeld says. She is also a better operator at an EU level than she seems to be in Berlin. “What she is missing is the deep power infrastructure in every segment of party life,” he says. “He knew the personal connections and family history of every significant party member. She simply has not got that background or that memory.”

For Ms Merkel it is a tough balancing act. She has already proved herself a good European, the ultimate deal-broker in Brussels. But now she is praised at home for standing her ground over Greece.

Joschka Fischer, Germany’s pro-European former foreign minister, is ap­palled at the reaction to the Brussels summit. “One can hardly get one’s head round the decline in historical consciousness in our country,” he declared in the Süddeutsche Zeitung. “Neither Margaret Thatcher nor Otto von Bismarck were exactly models for Germany’s European policy, and for very good reasons. Neither had much if any conception of European integration.” The chancellor used to be praised as “Mrs Europa” for her pro-European attitude. She seemed to have reinvented herself as “Frau Germania”, he said.

Mr Fischer is famously outspoken. But his accusation picks up on a theme being debated in other European capitals: has Germany lost its European vocation and abandoned its belief in an “ever closer union” of member states? Either way, what sort of Europe would it like to see?

“Joschka goes too far,” says Volker Perthes, director of SWP, an international affairs institute based in Berlin. “He could say Gerhard Schröder, his former boss, was the first who tried to be Herr Germania. He was the one who said Germany would not be the paymaster of Europe.”

Professor Perthes, like a majority of political analysts and diplomats in Berlin questioned by this correspondent, cautions against a simplistic view of a newly selfish Germany. But the country has undoubtedly changed. “The environment is a different one,” he says. “We are not exposed on the eastern edge of western Europe. We are surrounded by a ring of friends. Germany is a bigger country, but it is also a bigger EU. What has remained is that Germany knows it needs the EU and Nato and the transatlantic relationship. The EU comes first. We know why we need it, but we are no longer prepared to be Mr Nice Guy, the big, fat paymaster, afraid of being accused of possible hegemony.

“What has changed is that the concept of national interest is no longer alien to the political vocabulary that Germans use. Our friends and neighbours always suspected that we had national interests. It is more transparent if we spell them out.”

One of the most senior European ambassadors to Berlin, and a long-time Germany watcher, sees the same shift from the other side of the table. “The accusation is that they will no longer put European interests above national interests,” he says. “I would like to hear of a single German chancellor who sacrificed German interests for Europe. Of course, Germany’s interest was in returning to normality via Europe.

“Before the euro, the Germans never came to anyone’s help in a financial crisis. They have never compromised their national interests for the sake of Europe. They [supported European integration] because they knew it was in their national interest – now, perhaps, more than ever.”

Helmut Kohl, the passionately pro-European German chancellor who presided over unification, was born in the second world war, a historian by training and inclination. Ms Merkel grew up in East Germany and trained as a physicist, analytical and pragmatic. She is pro-European by persuasion not passion.

“Germany’s European conviction today is still very clear,” the ambassador says. “But it is no longer a great love. It is rather that there is no alternative. The heroic spirit has gone. It is now a matter of normality.”


The questioning of Germany’s role in Europe concerns not only its position as paymaster. It also affects that other pillar of postwar identity: Nato membership and total commitment to the transatlantic relationship. A senior French diplomat once described the country’s attitude to the alliance as “more royalist than the king”.

That is no longer true, says Constanze Stelzenmüller, head of the Berlin office of the German Marshall Fund. “The odd thing about Nato is that the Germans have become deeply conservative, reluctant to change,” she says. “They don’t want to change the old strategic concept. They don’t want global alliances. They think the east Europeans exaggerate the Russian threat. But they are not being very innovative themselves.”

Prof Perthes does not question the commitment to Nato but sees doubts about its purpose. “They certainly don’t want to give it up,” he says. “A lot of history ties us. We owe our independence and our unity to Nato. But the threat perception has changed fundamentally.

“The old Nato enthusiasm you find today in Romania, Bulgaria or the Baltic republics. They want protection against Russia. They wanted to enter a cold war Nato. For Germany, that has gone. We are uneasy about the path Russia takes domestically but the fear of a Russian tank invasion is no longer there.”

Nor does Germany feel easy with the concept of an expeditionary Nato fighting wars around the globe, as in Afghanistan. Popular support for German troop involvement in that war is low, and waning, although Ms Merkel has agreed to a modest reinforcement.

The chancellor went to the EU summit in Brussels last month with a clear agenda: no bail-out for Greece except as a last resort. She made no effort to involve the smaller members of the eurozone in the critical negotiations, but focused entirely on getting an agreement with France in which all her preconditions would be included. Then it was presented to the rest of the group as a fait accompli. It was classic German diplomacy but with a difference: she made virtually no concessions on her initial position.

AFGHANISTAN

A growing number of German military casualties in the Nato and US-led campaign in Afghanistan has steadily increased domestic concerns about its forces’ role there. The latest round of soul-searching began on Good Friday after a German army unit based in the northern city of Kunduz was ambushed by the Taliban. Three soldiers died, taking the number killed in the seven-year-old mission to 39. In the ensuing skirmish, six allied Afghan soldiers were killed in friendly fire. This follows just six months after the army ordered an air strike on petrol tankers hijacked by the Taliban, killing or wounding 142 civilians, as a result of which Franz Josef Jung, then defence minister, was forced to resign. Both events have shocked a nation in which older citizens remember the horrors of the second world war and younger generations are raised with the mantra: “never again”. The ruling Christian Democrats and Free Democrats still largely back the Afghan campaign but the opposition Social Democrats are turning against a mission they helped launch when in government. Volker Rühe, defence minister in the 1990s, blames successive administrations for talking only about “armed conflict”. His term would confront the nation with something it thinks it has put behind it: “war”.

Yet in Berlin, senior government officials are adamant that it was not narrow national interest that motivated her. It was a conviction that hers was the only country determined to uphold the EU treaty and the stability of the euro. Any subsidised rescue package for Greece would amount to a “bail-out”, she insisted, which would offend against the treaty. It would also fall foul of the constitutional court in Karlsruhe, the guardian of Germany’s fundamental law.

The court’s judgments on the Lisbon treaty, and before it on the Maastricht treaty that laid the foundations for EU economic and monetary union, and for the launch of the euro, are an important factor behind Berlin’s insistence that its room for manoeuvre is limited. It has ruled that stability is the absolute priority for the eurozone. It also ruled that the Bundestag, as the ultimate representative of German democracy, must be more closely consulted on EU legislation.

Ulrike Guérot, Berlin representative of the European Council on Foreign Relations, fears that both the court in Karlsruhe, and the Bundestag, are becoming more eurosceptic. “Germany has changed a great deal,” she says. “There is not one purpose, it is not conscious, there is no master plan. But it is happening by default.

“The new Bundestag [elected last September] is full of 35-year-olds who have never looked at the Maastricht treaty. The concept of ever-closer union [in the EU] has gone for large parts of the political establishment. What members of parliament care about is whether the German language is used in EU institutions. They say: ‘We put a lot of money into the EU, so why shouldn’t we speak German there?”

She sees a similar trend in Karlsruhe. “The law community is the most important elite community in Germany. They have turned anti-European. The problem is not the general population. It’s the elites who no longer carry the [European] project.”

On that score, she is more alarmed than most German commentators. As the representative of a generation brought up to refer to her country as the “Federal Republic” rather than “Germany”, she perceives a creeping nationalism, although she admits it is not an aggressive one. “I am not saying it’s not normal, but there’s a huge change in political perceptions.”

So what sort of Europe does Germany want? It is unclear. Ms Guérot says there is a lack of strategic vision. The commitment to a United States of Europe is long gone. Mr Kohl admitted as much in 1993. Joschka Fischer says – with regret – that it means the EU will increasingly develop as a weak confederation of states, and not a close federation.

Ms Merkel has not spelled out her vision in detail. But she believes Europe should argue with one voice on the world stage, and that a Europe of 500m, not a Germany of 80m, will matter most in global negotiations. It is a pragmatic choice, not an ideological one.

The chancellor still sounds more ambitious than any other European leader. She wants treaty change to reinforce the stability of the eurozone. If the leaders keep using their difficulties with getting the Lisbon treaty ratified as an excuse for inaction, they will bring the EU to a halt, she says. That does not mean she believes in the European Commission as a future European government, as true European federalists once did.

On that, Ms Merkel’s advisers are perfectly clear. “The member states are the masters of the treaty,” one said during the Brussels summit. “The Commission is its servant.”

Copyright The Financial Times Limited 2010. Print a single copy of this article for personal use. Contact us if you wish to print more to distribute to others.

Thursday, May 07, 2009

The export model sputters

Germany's economy

The export model sputters
May 7th 2009 | BERLIN
From The Economist print edition

The German habit of relying on export-led growth comes under fire

Illustration by S. Kambayashi
IT HAD been purring along nicely, handling the twists and turns of the world economy, powering past rivals, inspiring envy. But in recession Germany’s export-led model is sputtering more than most. The European Commission now expects German output to shrink by 5.4% this year, compared with a 4% drop in the European Union overall; the German government predicts a 6% plunge. Most of the contraction will be in exports.

Countries with similar models are thinking of trading them in. It is “no longer realistic to hope that Japan’s growth can come back just by exporting the same products,” the Japanese prime minister, Taro Aso, told Handelsblatt newspaper. Philipp Hildebrand, president of Switzerland’s central bank, expressed similar doubts. Germany’s economic press is peppered with articles asserting that the country “needs a new business model”.

Most German leaders disagree. The two main parties in the grand coalition, Chancellor Angela Merkel’s Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the Social Democratic Party (SPD), are sniping before the federal election in September, but they are united in believing that exports must remain the foundation of German prosperity. Germany, unlike other rich countries, has avoided deindustrialisation, they point out. With a rapidly ageing population, it is also right to accumulate savings by running a current-account surplus. Its scant natural resources and tradition of openness point the economy towards trade. Besides, Germany just isn’t that into services, which have displaced industry in other countries.

This model could now change in one of three ways. The government could pursue an industrial policy that favoured production for the home market. To most Germans that would seem bizarre, though there is scope for creating service jobs in education or care for the elderly. Or the government could promote consumption by keeping fiscal policy relatively loose. But given German allergy to debt that is unlikely. Or change could come through a slowdown in world trade and a correction of international imbalances. This seems by far the most likely course. Germany will not deliberately surrender its position as the world’s top exporter of goods, says Bert Rürup, a former head of the government’s committee of economic “wise men” now at AWD Holding, a financial-advice firm. But its current-account surplus may fall as profligates like the United States and Britain consume less and export more.

Germany is export champion largely because it has done many things right. After losing competitiveness for years, industry clawed it back by holding down wage rises and shifting some production abroad. Germany now has “the lowest increase in unit labour costs of all its main trading partners,” says Mr Rürup. The previous SPD-Green coalition sought to reduce joblessness by trimming unemployment benefits and deregulating the labour market. Its successor has slashed the budget deficit, partly by increasing value-added tax by three points. German consumers stayed thrifty as consumers from San Sebastián to San Francisco binged on debt.

The result of this self-restraint was that exports soared in real terms, whereas consumer spending barely budged (see chart). Between 2004 and 2007 net exports accounted for 60% of growth. Germany’s current-account surplus reached a hefty 6% of GDP last year, irritating its trading partners within the euro area, which have been unwilling to hold down wages but can no longer resort to devaluation. Rather like China and Japan, virtuous Germany has made its living out of the overindulgence of others.

That was not a worry when times were good, but it is now. Exports will fall by nearly 19% this year, according to government forecasters. Germany’s debt-free households, by contrast, will cut spending by just 0.1%. The export-led recession has hurt its most prosperous regions and better-paid workers, which may be one reason why the public outcry has been muted. But recovery will not be quick. Some international trade “will disappear forever,” says Marek Belka, director of the IMF’s European department. Vehicles, machinery and chemicals account for nearly two-thirds of exports, a narrow base for the prosperity of the world’s fourth-largest economy. Vehicle manufacturing is highly vulnerable. Too many factories and workers are making too many cars globally; Germany will surely be forced to close down some production.

When recovery comes, consumption is likely to play a bigger part than exports. By 2013, net exports will account for 3.25% of GDP, down from 6.3% in 2008, says a forecast by eight economic institutes. Consumer spending, meanwhile, will rise from 56.3% of GDP to 57.75%. This shift will occur amid sluggish growth and lower employment: the trend rate of growth between 2008 and 2013 will be 0.9%, compared with average growth of 1.5% in 1995-2008, say the institutes.

Do not expect the government to encourage the change, however. Even as they battle to save carmakers like Opel, the German arm of General Motors, politicians dream of the world champions that may replace them. The SPD’s campaign programme rhapsodises about “climate and environmental technology” in which Germany supposedly has a competitive edge. IW Consult, part of the business-friendly Cologne Institute of the German Economy, thinks the growth industries will be pharmaceuticals, measurement technology and business services.

A government worried that growth is skewed towards exports could redress the balance by cutting taxes or raising spending. Dirk Schumacher, an economist at Goldman Sachs, says that the rise in VAT was a “big policy mistake” that squeezed consumption and also helped to undermine support for further economic reforms. He thinks the government should give low- and middle-income earners extra tax relief, even after the economy starts to recover. Ms Merkel may yield to pressure from the CDU’s liberal wing to make this the centrepiece of her election platform.

In the end, fiscal prudence will win out. The contraction of GDP plus the government’s two fiscal-stimulus packages will push the budget from balance in 2008 to a deficit of nearly 6% of GDP in 2010. The next government is likely to want to pare that back. Both governing parties back an amendment to the constitution to bar the federal government from running big deficits in most circumstances (and state governments from incurring any at all) after 2016. Tax will not be cut as a share of GDP, predicts Mr Rürup. The title of export champion may have lost its glitter, but Germany will not give it up lightly.

Monday, November 24, 2008

A measured Merkel (FT.com)

A measured Merkel
By Bertrand Benoit in Berlin

Published: November 24 2008 19:47 | Last updated: November 24 2008 19:47

Perhaps it was the grey suit, a departure from her usual red or orange wardrobe. But when leaders of the world’s 20 largest developed and developing economies convened in Washington this month to tackle the world financial crisis, participants could not help noticing how Angela Merkel faded into the crowd of her largely male colleagues clad in similar hues.

For most of her three years in office, Germany’s chancellor has shone on the international stage, helping forge a global consensus on climate change or healing a rift in the European Union over the fate of its aborted constitution. Yet as the world faces its gravest economic threat in nearly a century, the woman once dubbed “Miss World” by a German tabloid has receded into the background.

As President Nicolas Sarkozy of France and Gordon Brown, the UK prime minister, bask in praise at their decisive handling of the crisis, the talk in Whitehall, Brussels and the ornate palaces of the French Republic is of a Germany that has relinquished any claim to leadership in Europe. Having failed to appreciate the gravity of what was happening, Ms Merkel first sought to block a European response and, when she finally acted, did so in a half-hearted way.

Yet an alternative version of the story, being told in Berlin, suggests a more complex picture. A closer look at Ms Merkel’s management of the crisis suggests she may have been neither as obstructive nor as lacking in vision as her European neighbours paint her. Domestically, she has shown clearer leadership than she is often given credit for abroad and her popularity remains as high as ever. With a general election less than a year away, she seems well positioned to return to the chancellery.

On the surface, there is no shortage of evidence suggesting Germany has lost its way. Take Berlin’s approach to the failure of Lehman Brothers in September. Days after Paris and London started calling for a systemic response – the multi-billion euro bail-outs eventually adopted across the continent – Ms Merkel and Peer Steinbrück, her finance minister, were still sticking to a case-by-case strategy. The chancellor insisted there would be “no blank cheque for the banks”.

As rumours emerged that Mr Sarkozy was considering a €300bn ($384bn, £255bn) European rescue fund for the continent’s banks, Ms Merkel and Mr Steinbrück declared that they would have none of it. Only after weeks of negotiations between Paris and Berlin, culminating in two summits in the French capital last month, did Germany change its stance, signing up to a joint European framework – what Ms Merkel dubbed a “toolbox” of measures – within which member states would take simultaneous action to salvage their respective banks.

The mood has not been helped by Mr Steinbrück’s abrasive personality. Many a counterpart has grown wary of his short temper and long lectures about the alleged superiority of Germany’s “three-pillar” system of commercial, co-operative and public sector banks. Mr Sarkozy in particular has developed an animosity for the Social Democrat. “The two really hate each other,” says one Berlin official.

Even after Berlin had yielded and endorsed a more co-ordinated approach to the crisis, it persisted in taking unilateral moves. A day after the first Paris summit, Ms Merkel announced that the state would guarantee all private deposits in Germany. Her failure to inform European partners sent officials in Paris and London scrambling for their telephones. Alistair Darling, UK chancellor of the exchequer, later told parliament he could find no one at the German finance ministry to explain the measure.

“Europe’s largest economy is giving the impression that it is now acting in a purely national way – no longer in a European way,” says Joshka Fischer, the former foreign minister and Green party leader. “This is a big concern because the economic crisis will put the European project, including the euro, at risk.”

Berlin’s subsequent decisions also drew criticism. While its €500bn rescue fund was Europe’s largest, the tough penalties it imposed on the banks seeking capital injections or guarantees for their debt, and the absence of any compulsion for weakly capitalised institutions to participate, mean it has yet to attract much interest from a sector fearful of stigmatisation.

“I can only assume they designed the plan this way because they thought it would be cheaper,” says Hermann-Otto Solms from the opposition Free Democratic party.

A €12bn, two-year package of growth-boosting measures adopted this month by Ms Merkel’s cabinet drew a thumbs-down from economists. They see it as a drop in the ocean given that after three years of solid growth, Germany has entered a recession. The German government’s economic advisory council of “wise men” called the package “a loose collection of disparate measures” and said it should be at least four times as big.

So has Germany stumbled? Officials close to Ms Merkel insist it has not. The chancellor, they say, is merely the victim of superior Franco-British spin.

Germany’s apparent reluctance to embrace a co-ordinated European bail-out, for one, was a carefully calibrated decision, they say. As the debate raged, Berlin was trying to rescue Hypo Real Estate, a lender that was the most high-profile German casualty of the Lehman collapse. Too much talk of a blanket bail-out, says one Merkel adviser, would have undermined Berlin’s efforts to persuade the banks to bear part of the €50bn rescue deal for HRE – which they eventually did.

Backstage, however, Ms Merkel was engaging Paris over a co-ordinated approach. At the height of the crisis, Jens Weidmann, her top economic adviser, was in daily contact with François Perol, his Elysée counterpart.

Ms Merkel’s shooting down of the European fund idea was also right, the official insists. The idea of endowing the European Commission with full discretion as to how to spend German taxpayers’ money was so bad, he says, that Paris has since denied having ever entertained the notion. Berlin also points to the US, which abandoned an initial plan to acquire illiquid assets and has since adopted a state-financed recapitalisation programme with a European flavour, as evidence that the swiftest decisions are not always the right ones.

The adviser says Ms Merkel took an active part in shaping the European scheme. “But there would have been no point trying to steal the spotlight from Sarkozy,” the official says. “It is in the man’s nature to court attention and he holds the [rotating] EU presidency, after all. Merkel was very active. She just did not make a big show out of it.”

Even the controversial deposit guarantee, the official says, was no different from similar pledges made earlier by Mr Darling and Mr Sarkozy, though he concedes it was poorly communicated by the finance ministry, which presented it as the equivalent of Ireland’s much criticised move to guarantee all bank debt – which it was not.

As for Germany’s bank rescue package, it may not have attracted much interest from   financial institutions, says a finance ministry official, but as a de facto guarantee that no bank will go bankrupt it may provide sufficient confidence for the sector to regain its footing – at a fraction of the cost faced by British taxpayers.

The fact that the unprecedented rescue package was enacted in less than a week was no mean feat considering that Ms Merkel, head of the Christian Democratic Union, heads a fractious “grand coalition” with her Social Democratic rivals and operates in a federal system. Indeed, no bill has been enacted as fast since emergency anti-terror legislation in the 1970s.

Politically, too, Ms Merkel has not played a bad hand. All opinion polls since the crisis broke out showed her adding to her comfortable lead as Germany’s most popular politician. Apart from Mr Fischer’s comments and further disapproving noise from the weak and fragmented opposition, she has faced little criticism at home. “Merkel shows people that she cares and people trust she is in control,” says Manfred Güllner of the Forsa polling group. “When she says she is not rescuing the banks to bail out managers but to preserve people’s jobs, it strikes a chord.”

Economic experts including the “wise men” have praised the government’s crisis management for averting a bank collapse – though some have also expressed misgivings about the architecture of the rescue package and the size of the fiscal stimulus.

Ms Merkel’s CDU is not nearly as popular as she is but it remains well ahead of the SPD in the polls. While holding an election today would probably not yield a centre-right majority, it would ensure her re-election either as leader of another “grand coalition” or at the head of a three-way ruling alliance with the FDP and the Greens.

CDU officials say their party does well in times of economic uncertainty, because voters credit it with more competence in that area. But Jürgen Falter, professor of political science at Mainz University, thinks the recession will favour the left once unemployment starts rising sharply. Moreover, the financial storm and the recession have already torn apart Ms Merkel’s re-election strategy, which was to focus on Germany’s underperforming education system and trumpet economic recovery as her main achievement.

The crisis has raised questions about the chancellor’s ability for improvisation and it has tested her preference for making decisions based on careful assessment. Ms Merkel has not stumbled yet at home but she will have plenty of opportunity to do so before the election next September.

Copyright The Financial Times Limited 2008

Friday, November 14, 2008

Germany in recession (FT.com)

Germany in recession
Published: November 13 2008 09:42 | Last updated: November 13 2008 20:29

Germany’s recession is now official after a 0.5 per cent fall in third quarter gross domestic product. This was worse than expected. The real shock was how badly exports have been hit as demand slumps worldwide. Export growth, which was powering ahead strongly, could come to a complete halt next year.

Thursday’s data offered up one bit of positive news – a small increase in consumer spending. But this looks unsustainable. True, German consumers have more to fall back on compared with their more profligate counterparts in the UK and the US: the savings rate in Germany has actually been increasing. Furthermore, the labour market has continued to improve, which has helped to strengthen disposable incomes. But that will not last. The employment outlook is bleak. Bank of America forecasts a 500,000 increase in the number of unemployed next year. Consumers fearful of job loss are unlikely to open their wallets, even if they have no pressing need to rebuild tattered finances.

Such dire numbers, especially if echoed across the rest of Europe, now make interest rate cuts from the European Central Bank more than likely. A 50 basis points cut in December from the current 3.25 per cent looks in the bag and most expect rates to come down to 2 per cent early next year. Less certain is whether the German government will feel the need to do more on the fiscal front. It has already conceded with one package but shows little appetite to do more.

Employers will urge workers to do their bit to improve their chances in a tough job market by embracing wage restraint – Germany’s largest trade union has just moderated its pay demands. That might temper, but not significantly offset, the damage from a global slowdown. Of course, when the cycle turns again, German households and companies will be relatively well-placed. Right now, that is cold comfort.

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Copyright The Financial Times Limited 2008

Thursday, November 13, 2008

Fast decline throws Germany into recession (FT.com)

Fast decline throws Germany into recession
By Ralph Atkins in Frankfurt

Published: November 13 2008 08:23 | Last updated: November 13 2008 19:20

Germany has officially plunged into recession with economic activity contracting much faster than expected in the third quarter, intensifying fears about the depth and duration of continental Europe’s downturn.

Gross domestic product in Europe’s largest economy fell by 0.5 per cent in the three months to September, extending a 0.4 per cent drop in the previous quarter, the German statistical office reported.

Eurozone data on Friday would show the 15-country region also in technical recession, defined as two consecutive quarterly falls in GDP, economists forecast.

It could show a decline of as much as 0.3 per cent in the third quarter, after a 0.2 per cent contraction in the second quarter, they said.

The rapid pace of the deterioration raised fears that the final three months of this year and early 2009 would be even bleaker, with effects of the recent near-collapse of the banking system still to hit. “The worst is yet to come,” warned Gilles Moec, European economist at Bank of America. “After September and October, we will have a very sharp contraction in corporate investment because of funding difficulties.”

Signs of a turnround are not expected until well into 2009, raising the prospect of a downturn across Europe on a scale not seen since the early 1990s. The Paris-based Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development on Thursday forecast the eurozone economy would shrink by 0.5 per cent next year, driving unemployment significantly higher.

The speed of the decline, which accelerated after the collapse of Lehman Brothers in mid-September, will add to the pressure on governments to kick-start growth through fiscal stimulus packages. The European Central Bank has already signalled it will cut official interest rates further in December, after cutting its main policy rate by half a percentage point twice within a month in the most aggressive policy loosening phase in its 10-year history.

In Germany, the shock waves created by Lehman Brothers’ collapse severely jolted business confidence at a time when the country’s reliance on global growth was already proving a weakness, with even emerging market economies slowing. Andreas Rees, German economist at Unicredit, said the traditional German economic motor – by which demand for its exports feeds through into investment and jobs – had been thrown into reverse. “The big problem is that fiscal policy is not that powerful against a downturn in the global economy,” he warned.

The Bundesbank agreed that “the broad global economic slowdown is becoming increasingly noticeable”. The German statistics office reported consumer spending had seen a “slight increase” – probably as a result of tumbling oil prices. French GDP figures on Friday could also show households faring relatively well but economists warned that, as in Germany, the fourth quarter could prove much worse.

The sharp economic deterioration and lower oil prices have transformed the eurozone inflation outlook. Lucas Papademos, ECB vice-president, on Thursday told a Frankfurt conference marking 10 years of the euro that if inflation was under control, interest rates could “be employed to mitigate the impact of financial market stresses” – a clear sign that the ECB is willing to play a part in reviving growth.
Copyright The Financial Times Limited 2008

Thursday, May 01, 2008

Arbeitswelt: Günter Wallraff buk als Niedriglöhner Brötchen | ZEIT online

Arbeitswelt: Günter Wallraff buk als Niedriglöhner Brötchen | ZEIT online

Unser täglich Brötchen
Von Günter Wallraff | © DIE ZEIT, 01.05.2008 Nr. 19

Schlagworte: Günter Wallraff Arbeitsbedingungen Arbeit Wirtschaft
Schöne neue Arbeitswelt: Brandblasen an Armen und Händen, der ständige Kampf gegen den Schimmel und ein Chef, der seine Arbeiter wie Sklaven behandelt. ZEITmagazin-Reporter Günter Wallraff war wieder undercover unterwegs. Diesmal als Niedriglöhner in einer Fabrik, die Brötchen für Lidl backt.

Ich hätte diesem Brief, der keinen Absender und keinen Namen trug, kaum Beachtung geschenkt, wenn ich nicht schon wenige Tage nach seinem Eintreffen einen Anruf erhalten hätte, der mir von dem gleichen Umstand berichtete: dass die Arbeiter einer Backfabrik im Hunsrück unter unwürdigen Bedingungen schufteten und dass dringend Hilfe geboten sei, dies aufzudecken. Ich bat den Anrufer, mir Details und seinen Namen zu nennen, aber er sagte nur: »Wenn herauskommt, dass ich mit Ihnen gesprochen habe, werde ich fristlos entlassen. Ich wäre nicht der Erste, dem das passiert. Hier geht die Angst um.« Dann legte der Anrufer auf.

Die Backfabrik Weinzheimer liegt in Rheinland-Pfalz, in dem 3200-Einwohner-Städtchen Stromberg. Auf der Homepage wirbt die Fabrik mit ihrer 600 Jahre alten Backtradition. Das Logo der Firma ist ein stilisierter Laib Brot. Laut Eigenwerbung vertreibt das Unternehmen seit dem Jahr 1900 »Original Hunsrücker Brot«. In Wahrheit werden hier keine Brote mehr gebacken, das ergeben meine ersten Recherchen, sondern ausschließlich Brötchen, genauer: Aufbackbrötchen. Und diese wiederum ausschließlich für Lidl, europaweit.

Ich will wissen, wie es in einer Firma zugeht, die sich einem einzigen Großabnehmer ausgeliefert hat, noch dazu dem Discounter Lidl, der dafür bekannt ist, aus seinen Mitarbeitern und Zulieferern das für ihn Optimale herauszupressen und dessen Konzernherr Dieter Schwarz auf diese Weise mit seinen mehr als 10 Milliarden Euro Ersparnissen zum viertreichsten Deutschen emporstieg.

Viele Produkte, die wir kaufen, werden nicht mehr in Deutschland hergestellt, sondern in China, Indien oder Rumänien, wo man den Arbeitern weniger zahlt, wo sie weniger gut oder gar nicht versichert sind und weniger gut oder gar nicht gegen Gefahren geschützt. Wie reagiert ein Betrieb, der in Deutschland produziert, auf den Kostendruck? Kann es sein, dass die Arbeitsbedingungen der sogenannten Dritten Welt bereits Einzug gehalten haben in unsere »schöne neue Arbeitswelt«?

Ich will es wissen. Auf der Homepage steht, dass in der Firma »qualifizierte Mitarbeiter im Einklang mit der Backkunst backen«. Ich bin zwar weder qualifiziert, noch verstehe ich etwas von Backkunst, dennoch rufe ich an, um mich als Arbeiter anzubieten. Von einem Angestellten erfahre ich, sie suchten »20 bis 30 Jahre alte Männer, die robust sind und belastbar« – also nicht mich. Ich gebe vor, 51 Jahre alt zu sein statt 65, und habe mir die Identität eines Freundes geliehen. Frank K. heiße ich jetzt. Ich muss es mit Chuzpe versuchen.

Falsche Haare und ein dünner Oberlippenbart verjüngen mich. So schwinge ich mich im Sportdress auf mein Rennrad, um direkt vor dem Büro der Fabrik vorzufahren. Die Strecke führt durch Wälder zur Fabrik, die nahezu romantisch an einem Bach liegt. Das Wasser, das durch das Bachbett fließt, trieb hier vor 600 Jahren die ersten Mühlen an.

Ich bin an diesem Februarmorgen nicht der Einzige, der in der Firma vorstellig wird, um Arbeit zu finden, und so will ich durch meine Kleidung und mein Auftreten auffallen. Der Dame am Empfang sage ich: »Mein Name ist Frank K. Ich soll hier eingestellt werden.« – »Schicken Sie uns Ihre Bewerbungsunterlagen«, sagt sie, als eine etwa 30-jährige Frau den Raum betritt, die von der Empfangsdame als Ehefrau des Inhabers begrüßt wird. Ich wende mich an sie: »Man hat mir gesagt, ich könnte hier sofort anfangen. Ich bin die 50 Kilometer von zu Hause mit dem Rennrad gefahren.« – »Mag schon sein. Aber ich habe zu tun.« Ich gebe trotzdem nicht auf. Jetzt oder nie! »Ich weiß ja, dass Sie eigentlich Jüngere suchen. Aber ich mache Triathlon, habe den Ironman geschafft: 3,8 Kilometer Schwimmen, 180 Kilometer auf dem Rad und den Marathon noch obendrein. Ich kann Ihnen ein sportärztliches Attest vorlegen, in dem mir das biologische Alter eines 30-Jährigen bescheinigt wird.« Ich habe mich vorbereitet und seit einigen Monaten reichlich Ausdauer- und sogar Krafttraining absolviert, dennoch übertreibe ich gewaltig. Bei meiner letzten Undercover-Recherche im Callcenter habe ich gelernt: »Den anderen nicht zu Wort kommen lassen! Gegenenergie aufbauen! Positive Bilder erzeugen! Auf den Abschluss drängen!« Ich sage also: »Ich kann ja die ersten Tage umsonst hier arbeiten. Sie gehen kein Risiko mit mir ein.«

Aus ihrem Gesicht ist jetzt so etwas wie Interesse zu lesen. Sie fragt: »Haben Sie schon mal im Schichtsystem gearbeitet?« – »Ja, am Fließband bei Ford und bei Siemens im Akkord.« Ich verschweige, dass das fast 40 Jahre zurückliegt. »Dann erscheinen Sie morgen zur Frühschicht.«

Ich bin drin. Ich beziehe noch am gleichen Tag Quartier bei einem Freund, der 35 Kilometer entfernt von der Fabrik wohnt, er überlässt mir ein Zimmer mit Schlafcouch.

Am ersten Morgen begrüßt mich die Chefin selbst mit Handschlag, dafür ohne Vertrag. Den gibt es weder heute noch später. Der übliche Stundenlohn beträgt hier 7,66 Euro brutto, ein Billiglohn also, netto bleiben den Arbeitern weniger als sechs Euro. Der Verdienst jedes fünften Vollzeitbeschäftigten in Deutschland liegt inzwischen unter der offiziellen Niedriglohnschwelle von weniger als 9,61 Euro im Westen beziehungsweise weniger als 6,81 Euro im Osten. Damit hat Deutschland einen höheren Anteil an Niedriglöhnern unter den Beschäftigten als Großbritannien und nur noch einen wenig geringeren als die USA.

Die Chefin überreicht mir eine weiße Arbeitshose und ein T-Shirt mit kurzen Ärmeln. Ich frage, ob man darin im Winter nicht friere. »Wenn es Ihnen zu kalt ist, müssen Sie eben schneller arbeiten.« Dann überlässt sie mich meinem Schicksal und meiner Schichtführerin.

Als ich ihr, einer Frau von Mitte 40, die Hand zur Begrüßung entgegenstrecke, ignoriert sie das, läuft an mir vorbei, als existiere ich nicht, zu einem Schaltkasten, dessen Knöpfe sie hektisch drückt. Auch die anderen Kollegen nehmen kaum Notiz von mir. Meine Schichtführerin platziert mich mit knappen Worten am Endband, wo schon zwei andere Arbeiter stehen. Insgesamt beschäftigt die Firma ungefähr 50 Menschen.

Am Endband strömen die Brötchentüten unentwegt mit immer gleicher Fließgeschwindigkeit der Mündung des Bandes entgegen. Die Packungen werden in Kartons verstaut und auf Paletten gestapelt. »Haltbarkeitsdatumsstempel kontrollieren, auf fehlerhafte Brötchen achten und sie aussortieren und die Packungen, die nicht prall genug mit CO₂ gefüllt sind, vom Band entfernen«, sagt der Kollege neben mir. Eine Aufgabe, die nicht fehlerfrei zu bewältigen ist.

Ich stehe gerade einmal eine Stunde am Band, da geht ein Geschrei los. Eine Sirene heult auf, und die Männer rennen fluchend in die Nebenhalle. Die Schichtführerin brüllt mich an, ich solle hinterher, »schnell, schnell, helfen, helfen!«, ruft sie und schubst mich. »Bleche vom Band runter, Tempo, Tempo!« Die Backbleche haben sich ineinander verkantet, aufgetürmt blockieren sie das Fließband. Unsere Aufgabe ist es, die heißen Bleche mit den herunterpurzelnden Brötchen vom Band zu nehmen und in fahrbare Gestelle zu schieben. Jedes Blech misst 80 mal 60 Zentimeter und ist mit 42 Brötchen beladen. Ein Kollege wirft mir ein paar zerfetzte Handschuhe zu, und ich verbrenne mir als Erstes die rechte Hand. Beim Hochstemmen der Bleche über Kopf zischt es auf der Haut meines rechten Arms, und es bilden sich dicke Brandblasen. Fast alle meine Kollegen, erfahre ich nach meinem Ausscheiden, haben sich schon einmal Brandverletzungen zugezogen.

TEIL 2
Als die stählerne Kette des Bandes plötzlich abspringt, herrscht Chaos. Die Kollegen brüllen sich an, greifen mit den Händen ins laufende Band, um die Kette wieder in die Halterung zu bringen. Dabei ist es schon zu Verletzungen gekommen, wie ich erst nach zwei Wochen erfahre, nachdem ich selbst schon mehrfach ins laufende Band gegriffen habe. Und erst nach einer Woche erfahre ich von einem Notstopp-Knopf, der seitlich vom Band angebracht ist. Aber den dürfen wir nur im alleräußersten Notfall betätigen, wissen die Kollegen. Denn wird er gedrückt, dann bleiben die Brötchen zu lange im Ofen, werden zu dunkel und sind nicht mehr verwendbar. Mit großem Nachdruck mahnt mich ein gelernter Bäckerkollege, die Finger von diesem Knopf zu lassen.

In den nächsten Arbeitstagen lerne ich, dass Störfälle bei Weinzheimer die Regel sind, nicht die Ausnahme. An manchen Tagen bricht alle 15 Minuten das Chaos aus: Bleche müssen vom Band, Brötchen fliegen durch die Luft und liegen auf dem Boden, wo wir sie aufsammeln müssen, damit sie später entsorgt werden. Die Bleche verziehen sich nämlich mit der Zeit in der Hitze des Ofens, und wenn sie sich verzogen haben, blockieren sie das Band, es kommt zu einem Stau, auch weil die Anlage mehr als marode ist. Es drohen dann Konventionalstrafen: Für jede nicht oder zu spät gelieferte Palette, bestehend aus 336 Brötchentüten, erfahre ich, muss Weinzheimer 150 Euro an Lidl zahlen. Ich höre, es seien kürzlich 87 Paletten gewesen, also rund 13000 Euro Strafe.

Ein Backblech kostet nur 70 Euro, und so frage ich einmal einen Schichtleiter, ob man denn nicht neue kaufen könne, um die dauernden Staus zu vermeiden. »Ihr seid billiger als neue Bleche«, ist seine Antwort.

Als am zweiten Tag das Band blockiert und die Brötchen herumfliegen wie Geschosse, stoße ich mich mit der Stirn an einem Blech. Es blutet stark, ich habe eine Risswunde, bin benommen. Später erfahre ich, dass einem Betriebsschlosser einige Monate zuvor an dieser Stelle das Gleiche passiert ist. Ich besuche ihn, und er erzählt mir: »Ich hatte eine stark blutende Schnittwunde und eine Gehirnerschütterung. Ich bat meinen Schichtführer, mir zu helfen, aber er sagte: Tut mir leid, keine Zeit für so was. Ich suchte selbst den Erste-Hilfe-Kasten, stellte jedoch fest, dass kein Verbandszeug drin war. Erst nach Schichtende wurde mir erlaubt, ins Krankenhaus zu fahren.«

Als das Band am dritten Tag für längere Zeit stillsteht, spricht mich der indischstämmige Kollege S. an. Er hält mich wegen meiner dunklen Haare für einen Landsmann oder einen Pakistaner. Ich muss ihn enttäuschen, bin aber froh, dass ich mit jemandem reden kann. S. ist sich, genau wie andere Kollegen, mit denen ich später spreche, sicher, dass das Betriebsklima sich drastisch verschlechtert hat, seitdem Lidl vor etwa sechs Jahren zum alleinigen Kunden wurde. Lidl verkauft eine Tüte mit zehn Brötchen für 1,05 Euro, Weinzheimer erhält ungefähr zwei Drittel, dafür muss die Firma frei Haus liefern.

Wie groß der Druck auf die Firma ist, lässt sich an einem Aushang erkennen, in dem sich der Firmenbesitzer an seine Arbeiter wendet, wortwörtlich wiedergegeben: »Bei Reklamationen seitens der Firma Lidl werden die Beträge jeweils an der nächsten Rechnung abgezogen. Dieses ist in dieser Woche der Fall, da über 150 Paletten, das sind anderthalb Tage Produktion oder 50000 Packungen schimmelig gemeldet wurden. Dieser Umstand ist für die Geschäftsleitung nicht vorhersehbar, aber nachvollziehbar. Der Schimmel entsteht durch unsauberes, ungenaues Arbeiten. Wenn ich sehe, wie die Räumlichkeiten und Maschinen nicht gereinigt werden und die Mitarbeiter meinen sich nicht an vorgeschriebene Prozesse halten zu müssen, aber dann ihrem Lohn hinterher jammern, den rate ich in Zukunft seine eigenes Handeln und den Umgang mit seinem eigenen Arbeitsplatz zu überdenken. Ich, die Firma Lidl und allen Endkunden habe für diese Arbeitsauffassung keinerlei Verständnis.«

Der Schimmel entsteht in der Brotfabrik keineswegs durch »ungenaues oder unsauberes Arbeiten«. Er blüht permanent – davon kann ich mich selbst überzeugen, und ich kann es auch durch Fotos belegen – an schwer zugänglichen Stellen der Anlage, rieselt er an verrotteten Eisenteilen herunter und entwickelt sich im Gärschrank. Ich selbst werde einmal mit einem älteren Kollegen dazu eingeteilt, den in den Fugen einer gekachelten Wand sitzenden Schwarzschimmel zu entfernen. Es ist eine mühselige Arbeit und eine vergebliche dazu – denn schon eine Woche später ist neuer Schimmel da. Als ich den älteren Kollegen frage, warum die Wand nicht fugenlos isoliert werde, um sie leichter und öfter zu reinigen, winkt der nur ab: »Natürlich könnte man hier vieles vorschlagen. Aber das ist unerwünscht. Ich habe einmal einen Vorschlag gemacht und danach nie wieder. Man sagte mir, ich sei zum Arbeiten hier, nicht zum Denken.«

Vordergründig wird in der Fabrik sehr auf Hygiene geachtet. Wir Arbeiter müssen eine Haube auf dem Haar tragen, und auch mein Schnauzbart wird von einer Binde geschützt. Wir müssen unsere Hände desinfizieren, bevor wir sterile Handschuhe anziehen. Aber in Wirklichkeit ist die Backanlage alles andere als steril: Weil sie so selten wie möglich stillstehen soll, wird sie nicht gründlich gereinigt. Der Boden ist immer wieder schmierig und verschmutzt.

Weinzheimer backt abwechselnd Ciabatta- und Körnerbrötchen für Lidl. Die Verpackung der Ciabatta-Brötchen suggeriert, dass sie aus Italien kommen, »Ital d’oro« steht darauf. Echter italienischer Ciabatta-Teig müsste etwa acht Stunden vorgären. Die Weinzheimer-Brötchen gären nur etwas mehr als eine Stunde vor. Werden sie nach einigen Wochen Lagerung aufgebacken, sind sie hart und knochentrocken. Der Begriff »Ciabatta« ist nicht geschützt, und so darf Weinzheimer seine Brötchen so nennen.

Jeder Arbeiter darf nach Schichtende eine Brötchentüte mit nach Hause nehmen. Die wenigsten machen von diesem Recht Gebrauch. Ein gelernter Bäcker aus der Teigmacherei sagte mir: »Meine Frau und meine Kinder weigern sich, die zu essen. Sie wollen frische Brötchen vom Bäcker.«

Ich frage mich, wer für das »Billig-billig-billig«-System von Lidl eigentlich hauptverantwortlich ist: Mit Billiglöhnen werden Billigbrötchen zu Billigpreisen und in Billigqualität an den Verbraucher gebracht. Warum kaufen die Kunden diese Brötchen, die nicht gut schmecken? Ja, sie sind in der Tat billig, zumindest auf den ersten Blick. Pro Brötchen zahlt der Kunde 10,5 Cent. Aber er muss immer gleich zehn kaufen. Er muss sie außerdem selbst aufbacken, was Zeit und Strom kostet. Vielleicht ist es verständlich, dass ein Hartz-IV-Empfänger solche Billigbrötchen kauft. Es wäre aber sicher ähnlich günstig, statt zu den Aufbackbrötchen zu gewöhnlichem Brot vom Bäcker um die Ecke zu greifen, der noch selber backt.

Die Zulieferfirmen für die großen Lebensmitteldiscounter – fünf von ihnen setzen in Europa 70 Prozent der Lebensmittel um – leiden unter einem krassen Preisdruck. Vor Kurzem hat das EU-Parlament in einer Resolution, die 439 Abgeordnete unterzeichneten, kritisiert, »dass große Supermärkte ihre Kaufkraft dazu missbrauchen, die an Zulieferer bezahlten Preise auf ein unhaltbares Niveau zu drücken und ihnen unfaire Bedingungen zu diktieren«. Der Preisdruck verschlechtere schließlich »die Arbeitsbedingungen bei den Zulieferern«. Wie groß die Zahl seiner Zulieferer ist, gibt Lidl nicht bekannt. Es sind sicher Hunderte – in den Filialen von Lidl gibt es mehr als 1500 Produkte zu kaufen.

An meinem vierten Tag erfahre ich plötzlich, dass ich erst mal nicht weiterarbeiten soll. Die Auftragslage sei im Moment nicht so günstig. Erst in einem Monat könne es möglicherweise weitergehen.

TEIL 3
Andere Kollegen wurden schon über Telefon informiert, die Schicht falle aus. Die freien Tage, die so entstehen, werden nicht bezahlt. Selbst Feiertage, auch Weihnachten und der 1. Mai, werden nicht entlohnt. Natürlich ist das illegal. Wer dagegen klagt – was einige Male geschah –, bekommt zwar vor Gericht recht. Aber er weiß, dass er seinen Arbeitsplatz riskiert. Wer seinen Job, auch wenn er mies ist, behalten will oder muss, hält den Mund und erduldet die Ungerechtigkeit. Er duldet auch, dass die Löhne häufig zu spät gezahlt werden – erst dann, wenn Lidl seine Monatsrechnung beglichen hat. Im vorigen Jahr kam das Geld für den November erst am 19. Dezember. Da hatten die ersten Arbeiter schon mit Pfändungen zu kämpfen. Wer von 7,66 Euro brutto pro Stunde lebt, hat ohnehin eher Schulden als Ersparnisse.

Um weiterarbeiten zu können, ersinne ich gemeinsam mit meinem Freund, dem Kabarettisten Heinrich Pachl, eine List: Fortan ist er mein Betreuer eines frei erfundenen EU-Programms »50 plus«, in dem ältere Arbeiter getreu der Devise »Erst fordern, dann fördern« unentgeltlich in Firmen arbeiten und dafür von der EU entlohnt werden.

Ich fürchte, die Geschichte könnte auffliegen. Eine Suche im Internet nach dem Namen meines Betreuers, er nennt sich Minsel, oder ein Anruf in Brüssel würden genügen. Aber Eigentümer und Betriebsleiter wollen die Sache offenbar allzu gerne glauben. Erfülle ich ihnen doch einen Traum: Ich bin ein Arbeiter, der keinen Cent kostet.

An einem der nächsten Tage lerne ich den Werksleiter K. näher kennen. Wieder einmal gilt es, Haufen von Brötchen unter dem laufenden Band aufzusammeln. Vom Boden bis zum Band sind es nur 60 Zentimeter, nicht viel Platz für einen ausgewachsenen Mann. K. fordert mich dennoch auf, unter das Band zu kriechen. »Das ist doch gefährlich. Kann ich das nicht machen, wenn das Band stillsteht?« – »Stellen Sie sich immer so dumm an?«, entgegnet K. »Passen Sie auf, ich mache Ihnen das jetzt mal vor.« K. ist ein Mann von erheblicher Fülle. Kaum hat er sich unter das Band begeben, gerät sein Kittel zwischen Kette und Zahnräder und wird mitgezogen. Mit einem Satz springe ich zu ihm, reiße mit voller Kraft an seinem Kittel und befreie ihn aus seiner misslichen Lage. K., blass geworden vor Schreck, bedankt sich nicht, sein Stolz verbietet es ihm offenbar. Das ölverschmierte Stück Stoff wirft er in eine Abfalltonne. Ich nehme es mir als Andenken wieder heraus.

Den großen Chef selbst, den Besitzer Bernd Westerhorstmann, sehe ich nur wenige Male durch den Betrieb gehen. Er würdigt die Arbeiter kaum eines Blickes. Stattdessen zeigt er mit dem Finger auf sie, wenn er etwas von ihnen will. So auch einmal auf mich. »Holen Sie die elektrische Ameise«, herrscht er mich an. Er meint damit einen Gabelstapler, den ich allerdings nicht ohne vorhergehende Einweisung fahren darf. Als ich ihn frage, wo das Gefährt zu finden sei, macht er eine abfällige Handbewegung und lässt mich stehen.

Westerhorstmann widmet sich ansonsten virtuell und aus der Ferne dem Geschehen in seiner Produktionsstätte. Denn das System Lidl hat Einzug gehalten in seine Backstraße. Westerhorstmann hat seine Hallen mit Kameras bestückt, auf deren Bilder er überall in der Welt via Internet und mit persönlichem Passwort zugreifen kann. Westerhorstmann stellt sogar nachts seine Allgegenwärtigkeit unter Beweis: Einmal hat er von zu Hause aus einer Schichtführerin eine Abmahnung erteilt. Denn er hatte über seine Kameras gesehen, dass sie statt einer weißen eine graue Arbeitshose trug.

Was treibt einen Menschen, eine Firma so zu führen? Ist es wirklich nur der Druck, der von Lidl kommt? Welchen Teil der Schuld trägt er selbst? Einige Arbeiter in der Fabrik glauben, dass er einzig daran interessiert sei, in der Zeit bis zu seinem Ruhestand das Maximum aus dem Betrieb herauszupressen, und kümmere sich deswegen weder um neue Maschinen noch um neue Bleche.

Vielleicht lässt sich aus seinem Umgang mit Tieren schließen, was für ein Mensch Westerhorstmann ist. Gleich neben der Fabrikhalle hält er etwa 20 afrikanische Buckelrinder. Im Betrieb heißt es, sein Vater, von dem er die Fabrik erbte, habe ihm die Pflege per Testament auferlegt. Sicher ist, dass die Tiere dort leiden, sie stehen bis über die Knöchel im eigenen Kot, weil niemand den Stall ausmistet. Eines Tages, es ist Karfreitag, entdecke ich, dass dort ein soeben geborenes Kalb liegt. Als ich es finde, hebe ich es aus dem Kot und Schlamm, trage es ins Freie und reibe es ab: Es lebt noch. Noch am selben Tag erfahre ich von einem Kollegen, dass das Neugeborene elendig verreckt ist.

Wie Westerhorstmann über die Gesundheit seiner Arbeiter denkt, ist ebenfalls einem Aushang zu entnehmen: »(Es) wird hier seit geraumer Zeit die Arbeitsauffassung durch Krankmeldungen ersetzt, so dass im Endeffekt die Mitarbeiter bestraft werden, die ihren Lohn durch ordentliche Arbeit erwirtschaften.« Das Gegenteil ist wahr: Die Arbeiter fürchten sich davor, sich krankzumelden, weil Westerhorstmann Krankheitstage häufig nicht bezahlt und weil er schon etliche Kranke aus dem Betrieb gemobbt hat.

Den vielleicht widerwärtigsten Fall von Mobbing erlebte ein Mann namens Ottmar Thiele. Er arbeitete seit 33 Jahren in der Firma, als der Chef ihn zwingen wollte, eine Änderungskündigung zu unterschreiben, die ihm 500 Euro weniger im Monat beschert hätte, dafür aber Schwerstarbeit im Schicht- und Nachtdienst. Obwohl Thiele nicht unterschrieb und trotz eines ärztlichen Attests, wonach ihm wegen einer Herzerkrankung weder Nacht- noch Spätschicht zugemutet werden dürfte, wurde er zum Schichtdienst gezwungen. Er wurde in die Produktion versetzt und musste schwere Paletten von Hand schieben. »Alles im Dauerlauf«, erzählt er heute. »Die wollten, dass ich von selbst gehe. Ich habe kaum noch geschlafen, Tag und Nacht an die Firma gedacht.«

Die Schikanen nahmen zu, er erhielt konstruierte Abmahnungen, und als er vor dem Arbeitsgericht klagte, erteilte man ihm Hausverbot. »Die Chefsekretärin kam morgens in die Werkstatt, verlangte meine Stempelkarte und meine Schlüssel. Doch kaum war ich zu Hause, rief der Betriebsleiter an, ich müsse am nächsten Tag wieder zur Spätschicht antreten. Ich bekam dann nach vier Stunden härtester Arbeit plötzlich keine Luft mehr, hatte panische Angst, und das Herz krampfte sich zusammen. Ich musste zum Arzt.«

Nach einjährigem Prozess kommt Thiele endlich zu seinem Recht. Die Änderungskündigung ist unbegründet und unwirksam. Der Fabrikant hat dennoch seinen Sieg errungen: Thiele verzichtet darauf, wieder eingestellt zu werden, und gibt sich mit einer siebenmonatigen Gehaltsnachzahlung zufrieden, nachdem der gegnerische Anwalt vor Gericht suggeriert hat, dem Betrieb stehe womöglich ein Insolvenzverfahren bevor.

»Was wäre die gerechte Strafe für so einen Unternehmer?«, frage ich Ottmar Thiele. »Es müsste ein Gesetz geben, dass so ein Mann mindestens acht Wochen in der Produktion arbeitet, unter den Bedingungen, die er vorgibt«, antwortet er.


TEIL 4
Eine fristlose Kündigung ohne Vorwarnung und ohne ersichtlichen Grund traf schließlich auch einen früheren Betriebsleiter. Als er auf Wiedereinstellung klagte, schickte der Brötchenfabrikant den neuen Werksleiter und seine Betriebsrätin zu den Mitarbeitern. Sie sollten mit ihrer Unterschrift bekunden, dass sie die Arbeit niederlegen würden, sollte der Gefeuerte wieder eingestellt werden. Einem Schlosser, der seine Unterschrift verweigerte, wurde gedroht, er werde entlassen, falls man den Geächteten wieder einstellen müsse.

Meinen schwärzesten Tag habe ich nach etwa zwei Wochen. Es ist mein Kollege S., der mich rettet, denn ich breche fast zusammen. Ich höre, wie mein Herz schlägt, laut und rasend und unregelmäßig. Herzrhythmusstörungen. Ich erkenne sie gleich, weil ich sie schon einmal erlebt habe: vor 15 Jahren, als ich mit dem Kajak auf dem Atlantik in Seenot geriet. Ein Sturm trieb mich aufs offene Meer, ich verlor das Land aus den Augen. So fühle ich mich jetzt auch: Ich sehe kein Land mehr. S. muss merken, wie schlecht es mir geht. Er übernimmt, ohne ein Wort darüber zu verlieren, einen Teil meiner Arbeit.

Nach diesem Tag kommt mir das Wort »Streik« in den Kopf. Ich summe während der Arbeit die Internationale, die Hymne der Arbeiterbewegung, darauf vertrauend, dass kein Vorgesetzter die Melodie kennt und den zugehörigen Text: »Wacht auf, Verdammte dieser Erde...« Ein junger Kollege zwinkert mir zu, schaut sich um, ob ihn auch keiner sieht, und hebt die zur Faust geballte Hand.

Die Schichtführerin der ersten Tage hat sich gewandelt: Sie schreit uns nicht mehr an, ist in sich gekehrt, geradezu verunsichert. Sie ist abgemahnt und zur einfachen Arbeiterin degradiert worden, erfahre ich, weil sie angeblich zu wenig Leistung bringt. Die Firma verschleißt die Leute, und wer verschlissen ist, dessen Tage sind gezählt. Jeder kann in diesem System zum Opfer werden. Es geht ganz schnell.

Und so spreche ich sie eines Morgens an, da ich denke, dass der Gedanke bei ihr auf fruchtbaren Boden fallen könnte: »Eigentlich müsste hier doch mal gestreikt werden.« Sie sieht mich erschrocken an: »Um Gottes willen, sagen Sie so etwas nicht! Es haben ja schon mal welche versucht, einen Betriebsrat zu gründen. Die sind alle raus, die sind alle weg.« Schnell wendet sie sich von mir ab. Die Angst unter den Geschundenen ist so groß, dass selbst der Gedanke an ein Aufbegehren sie schreckt.

Der bislang einzige Versuch, einen Betriebsrat zu gründen, fand im Frühjahr 2007 statt. Wie in fast allen Lidl-Filialen gab es bis dahin auch beim Lieferanten Weinzheimer keinen Betriebsrat. Eine Gruppe Arbeiter beschloss, das zu ändern. Als Weinzheimer davon erfuhr, drohte er damit, die Fabrik zu schließen oder wenigstens einen Teil der Arbeiter zu entlassen. Wegen »betriebsbedingter Teilautomatisierung«.

Eine erste Betriebsversammlung geriet zum Fiasko. Als ein Arbeiter kritisierte, dass er 20 Tage am Stück arbeiten musste, entgegnete ihm Westerhorstmann: Dafür gibt es ja auch mal zwei Wochen lang gar nichts zu tun! Als die Kollegen darauf mit weiterer Kritik reagierten, warf Westerhorstmann sie kurzerhand mit der Begründung aus dem Saal, er mache von seinem Hausrecht Gebrauch. In der Folge drohte er Kollegen, sie zu entlassen, wenn sie sich an einer Betriebsratswahl beteiligten.

Schließlich fand die Wahl dennoch statt. Alban Ademaj, 25 Jahre alt, wurde an die Spitze des Betriebsrates gewählt. Er konnte sein Amt nie wirklich ausüben. Seine Bitte, doch endlich den Arbeitern ihre Stundennachweise auszuhändigen, wurde abgelehnt. »Viele hatten den Verdacht, dass der Betriebsleiter Stunden unterschlägt. Er konnte die Zahl der Arbeitsstunden am Computer manipulieren. Ich konnte ihn dabei überführen, da ich meine Stunden aufgeschrieben hatte«, sagt Ademaj heute.

Nach seiner Wahl wurde er, der zuvor nie Anlass zur Beschwerde geboten hatte, andauernd abgemahnt, bis er schließlich aufgab. »Ich dachte, wenn ich zurücktrete, lässt mich Westerhorstmann wenigstens wieder in Ruhe meine Arbeit machen.« Er irrte sich. Er wurde ans Endband versetzt, um die Tüten zu kontrollieren, jene Arbeit, bei der man zwangsläufig Fehler macht. Ständig wurden Ademajs Paletten kontrolliert. Als man ihm auch bei der vierten Kontrolle nichts nachweisen konnte, stellte man ihm einen Neuling zur Seite und lastete dessen Fehler schließlich Ademaj an.

Später sollte Ademaj angeblich zu wenige Paletten bestückt haben, obwohl er zu diesem Zeitpunkt in der Teigmacherei arbeitete. Zum Verhängnis wurde ihm unter anderem eine Tüte mit lebenden Kakerlaken. Ein Kollege hatte die Tierchen eingesammelt und neben seinen Arbeitsplatz gestellt. Ademaj sah die Tüte und versteckte sie, weil er fand, sie sollte einem Lidl-Kontrolleur, der für diese Zeit erwartet wurde, nicht ins Auge fallen. Ademaj bekam auch wegen dieser Tüte eine Abmahnung und wurde schließlich fristlos entlassen.

Ich erlebe Ademaj noch als Kollegen. Als er plötzlich vom einen auf den anderen Tag nicht mehr erscheint, ist das kein Thema im Betrieb. Keiner wagt, offen darüber zu reden.

Auch der Nachfolger Ademajs wurde schließlich fristlos entlassen, diesmal mit dem Zusatz: »Die Zustimmung des Betriebsrates liegt vor.« Denn mittlerweile war die nur an sechster Stelle gewählte Chefsekretärin zur Betriebsratsvorsitzenden aufgestiegen. Sie ist eine Betriebsratsvorsitzende von Westerhorstmanns Gnaden. Seitdem sie im Amt ist, gibt es keine Opposition mehr in der Fabrik.

Kein Wunder also, dass Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitssicherheit keine Rolle spielen. Eine meiner Hauptaufgaben besteht darin, stundenlang fehlerhafte Tüten aufzuschlitzen und die Brötchen wieder aufs Band zu kippen. Diese Tüten sind nicht mit Luft, sondern mit Kohlendioxid prall gefüllt, sodass ich diesem Gas, das nur in geringer Konzentration harmlos ist, schutzlos ausgesetzt bin. Schon nach kürzester Zeit verursacht diese Arbeit Kopfschmerzen. Die Augen brennen, die Kehle trocknet aus. Ich bin benommen, sehne mich nach Frischluft, aber die gibt es hier nicht.

TEIL 5
An einem Tag, als ich wieder stundenlang Tüten aufschlitzen muss, werde ich, klatschnass geschwitzt, nach draußen abkommandiert, im dünnen Hemd. Ich soll zwei Stunden lang Abfallbrötchen in Container kippen. Es ist Ende Februar, es herrschen Minusgrade, und ich fürchte, mir eine Lungenentzündung zu holen.

Also betrete ich in meiner Not das Büro und bitte die Frau des Besitzers, mir doch einen Kittel gegen die Kälte zu geben. Anstatt sich um meine Gesundheit oder wenigstens meine Arbeitskraft zu sorgen, sagt sie: »Ich könnte Ihnen jetzt sofort eine Abmahnung erteilen! Sie dürfen in Ihrer sterilen Kleidung die Halle gar nicht verlassen.« – »Aber man hat mich doch rausgeschickt.« – »Sie haben sich an die Vorschriften zu halten.« Die folgenden zwei Stunden schaut sie mir von ihrem Büro aus zu, ungerührten Blickes, wie ich im dünnen Hemd in eisiger Kälte ihre mistigen Brötchen verklappe.

Zahlreich sind die Berichte solcher gesundheitsgefährdender Einsätze: Zwei Kollegen müssen ohne ausreichenden Atemschutz mit alter Glaswolle einen Backofen isolieren – diese Fasern sind stark krebserregend. Ein Schlosser wird aufgefordert, in einem Mehlsilo zu schweißen – ein einziger Funke kann dort eine Verpuffung oder eine Explosion auslösen. Nur mit Mühe kann er sich widersetzen.

An meinem letzten Arbeitstag stattet der »EU-Beauftragte«, mein Freund Pachl, samt Delegation dem Betrieb einen Besuch ab. K., der Werksleiter, gibt dem vermeintlichen EU-Beamten gleich zweimal zu verstehen, ich sei nicht »intrigierbar«. Ich nehme an, er meint: integrierbar, was ich als Kompliment verstehe. Ich bin K. nicht geheuer. Vielleicht ist ihm zugetragen worden, dass ich dem ein oder anderen Kollegen kritische Fragen gestellt und auch meine Meinung offen vertreten habe.

Ich gebe K. beim Abschied die Hand: »Vielen Dank für alles, ich habe viel gelernt hier und werde von mir hören lassen.« K. sagt nichts, sondern knurrt nur etwas, dann heult schon wieder die Alarmsirene, und er eilt zum Kühler, der wieder mal blockiert.

Einen Monat lang habe ich in der Brötchenhölle ausgehalten. Dabei habe ich fünf Kilo abgenommen. In den ersten Tagen danach bin ich einfach nur froh, es hinter mir zu haben, und habe dennoch gegenüber meinen Kollegen, die ich zurückließ und denen ich mich nicht zu erkennen geben durfte, ein schlechtes Gewissen. Eine Szene, kurz vor meinem Weggang, ist mir seither oft vor Augen: Ein neuer Arbeiter steht in der Halle, allein, verzweifelt, er schreit, weil er sich verbrannt hat. Er hat keine Ahnung, was er tun kann, niemand hilft ihm, auch keiner der Kollegen. Genauso stand ich am ersten Tag in der Halle. Nur dass für mich der Albtraum immer ein absehbares Ende hatte, für ihn nicht. Für ihn währt dieser Albtraum wahrscheinlich noch heute.

Was ist meine Hoffnung? Dass der Konsument, dass wir alle unsere Macht erkennen. Die Arbeiter können sich selbst nicht mehr helfen in diesem Betrieb, jedes Aufbegehren wird brutal unterdrückt. Eine realistische Hoffnung? Durchaus, denke ich. Es waren die Kunden der Biomarktkette Basic, die im vorigen Jahr verhindert haben, dass Lidl das Unternehmen kaufen konnte – indem sie mit einem Boykott drohten. Nun sollten die Kunden Lidl und seinem System ein weiteres Mal widersprechen. Lidl diktiert Weinzheimer die Preise und trägt damit Verantwortung dafür, wie Menschen dort arbeiten müssen. Solange die Arbeiterrechte dort systematisch verletzt werden, sollten die Kunden Lidl und seine dürftigen Brötchen boykottieren.

Der Firmenbesitzer Bernd Westerhorstmann wurde mit Vorwürfen aus diesem Artikel konfrontiert. Eine angekündigte Antwort blieb bis zum Redaktionsschluss aus.



Günter Wallraff ist Undercover-Journalist und Schriftsteller. Vor einem Jahr arbeitete er als verdeckter Mitarbeiter in Call-Centern. Seine Reportage im ZEIT-Magazin (Nr. 22/07) löste eine Gesetzesinitiative aus, wonach Kunden vor unerwünschten Werbeanrufen besser geschützt werden sollen. Bekannt wurde Günter Wallraff durch seine Industriereportagen und sein Buch »Ganz unten« (1985)

Der im ZEIT-Magazin angekündigte Ausschnitt eines Filmbeitrags über Wallraffs Recherche entfällt bis auf weiteres. Wir bitten das zu entschuldigen.

Zu Günter Wallraffs Recherche erscheint auch eine DVD bei Captator Film (info@captatorfilms.com)